ETM 2.0 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

ETM 2.0 - Research Paper Example These include revealing the significance of ETM in this modern day context, determining ETM along with its expectations, identifying the requirements for smoothly conducting various sorts of partnership programs and making recommendations related to marketing concerning the development of ETM study. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 1. Introduction 6 1.1Master of Business Administration (MBA) Program 6 1.2Entrepreneurship and Technology Management (ETM) Stream 7 1.2.1 How Important is ETM in the Current World 8 1.2.2 ETM and Start-up Businesses 8 1.2.3 ETM and Creating Jobs 9 1.2.4 UNBSJ and MBA and ETM 10 2. ETM and Expectations 12 2.1. What was Expected from UNB Point of View and Current Situation 12 2.2. Students’ Expectations (Soft Skills-Hard Skills) 13 2.2.1 Expectations of the Students Prior to Starting ETM Internship 13 2.2.2 After Ending the Internship 14 2.3. What is the Problem (Survey Findings) 14 2.3.1 From UNB Perspective 14 2.3.2 From the Interview With A UNBSJ Partner 16 2.3.2.1 Focus Group 20 2.3.2.1.1 Professional Development, Guest Speakers †¦etc. 21 2.3.2.2 Survey Results 22 3. Benchmarking 44 3.1. Great Examples in North America (Generally) 44 3.2. Brilliant Examples 45 3.2.1. McMaster University 45 3.2.1.1. The ETM program & the Internship 46 3.2.1.2 Independencies 46 3.2.1.3 How it Works 47 3.2.1.4 Students 47 3.2.1.5 Partnership 47 3.2.1.6. Student Support 47 3.2.1.7. Marketing 48 3.2.2. MIT University, Boston 48 3.2.2.1. The ETM Program & the Internship 49 3.2.2.2. Independencies 49 3.2.2.3. How it Works 49 3.2.2.4. Students 50 3.2.2.5. Partnership 50 3.2.2.6. Student Support 51 3.2.2.7. Marketing 51 4. Recommendations 52 4.1. Marketing 52 4.1.1 How UNB-SJ Market the Program 52 4.1.2. How McMaster and the other University Market their Program 53 4.1.3. Learning Website 54 4.2. Partnership 54 4.3. Program Requirements 56 4.4. General Recommendations 57 References 59 1. Introduction 1.1 Master of Busine ss Administration (MBA) Program In accordance with the incessant growth and continuous transformation of the global business environment, an adequate entrepreneurial knowledge plays a decisive role for the marketers to strengthen their competitive position. In this regard, the study of Rubin and Dierdorff (2010) has critically acclaimed that the entrepreneurial programs offered by the contemporary business schools have a major significance to build the professional careers of different individuals with pertinent academic knowledge. However, the study has revealed that around 70 to 90 percent of the organizational learning occurs only by on-the-job training module which can be generated through different training as well as mentoring processes. Although there are informal experiences that can be gained by individuals from on-the-job process, it may result in bringing about certain deficiencies to synthesize learning along with empowering managerial competencies. In order to increase managerial competencies, the individuals must need to possess adequate academic knowledge to fertile entrepreneurial knowledge and skills (Rubin & Dierdorff, 2010). In this regard, an effective MBA program can enable the modern generation to leverage appropriate competencies of being a

Development During Early Adolescence Essay Example for Free

Development During Early Adolescence Essay Can these changes have a significant impact on a variety of developmental outcomes of identity, morality, transitional stages, beginning of puberty and the full commitment to an adult social role, and sexual maturity? Hence, because of the potential impact of these changes, it is important to understand the cycles of adolescents. Life has store many surprises for us as we develop throughout our whole life span. Developmental stages are the progress that occurs in humans from the time they are born until they grow old and die. Originally beginning with infants and children, development will subsequently progress into adolescence, followed by adult, and lastly elderly. The development occurs in many fields, namely physical, perceptual, cognitive, moral and social. Derived from the Latin verb adolescere (to grow into maturity), adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescent is a distinct and dynamic phase of development in the life of an individual. It is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood and is characterized by spurts of physical, mental, emotional and social development. Who considers adolescence to be the period between 10-19 years of age, which generally encompasses the time from the beginning of puberty to the full legal age. The early adolescent developmental period is when individuals experience many changes, including the biological changes associated with puberty, important changes in relations with family and peers, and the social and educational changes related to transition from elementary to middle school (Wigfield, Byrnes, Eccles, 2002). The biological changes that occur at early adolescence are dramatic, as anyone working with this age group knows (Susman Rogel, 2004). Pubertal developments, the timings of puberty is quite different for girls and boys; girls enter puberty approximately 18 months before boys do, which means that during early adolescence, girls mature faster. Adolescence can be prolonged, brief, or practically nonexistent, depending on the culture of their society. Adolescence is somewhere between childhood and adulthood. It is also the period of life between the beginning of puberty and the full commitment to an adult social role, such as worker or parent. It is filled with constant change, uncertainty, but it can be wonderful and full of expectation. Everything a child learned to believe is suddenly challenged. One day you are a cute child that everybody seemed to adore, and the next day your skin and body are changing. Adolescence is a challenging period for both children and their parents. Three stages of adolescence early, middle, and late, are experienced by most teens, but the age at which each stage is reached varies greatly from child to child. These different rates of maturation are connected to physical development and hormone balance, neither of which the child can control. For this reason, adolescents should be treated as individuals and any guidelines should be modified to the particular child. It is very common to come across mood swings in this stage of development. Gene Roland Medinnus and Ronald C. Johnson state that during adolescence, children develop the ability to: †¢ Understand abstract ideas, such as higher math concepts, and develop moral philosophies, including rights and privileges †¢ Establish and maintain satisfying relationships by learning to share intimacy without feeling worried or inhibited. Move toward a more mature sense of themselves and their purpose †¢ Question old values without losing their identity Adolescence begins when signs of sexual maturity begin to occur in both physical and social development and ends when the individual assumes adult roles and is concerned in most ways as an adult by his reference group. Female friendships are one of the most important dimensions of an adolescent girl’s life. Peer relationships and friendships are critical in the developing adolescent’s identity, behaviors, and overall health. These peer connections influence all areas of development including emotional, physical, spiritual, social, and cognitive. The movie â€Å"Mean Girls† addresses social behaviors and experiences that are common in female peer relationships throughout the adolescent years. â€Å"Mean Girls† has brought attention to girls mean behaviors and portrays a dark side of female peer relationships, in which girls act as bullies and use relationships to express anger or power through rumors, exclusion, secrets, or gossip. This movie shows the significant role that female peer relationships play. The functions of peer relationships in adolescence are to help support adolescents at a time when they are challenged with many new experiences, to encourage the development of emotional autonomy, to enable teens to form deeper forms of intimacy that will be needed in adulthood, and to improve social skills. Positive peer relationships cause less anxiety and depression in adolescents where as negative peer relationships may place an individual at risk for maladjustment. Adolescents who are generally disliked, aggressive, disruptive and cannot establish themselves in the peer culture are developmentally at risk. Having friends and peer acceptance are generally related to school competence, higher self-esteem, and better adjustments. Adolescence is a transitional stage of human development that occurs between childhood and adulthood. Teenagers (ages 13-19 years) are usually adolescent, though in some individual, puberty may extent a few years beyond the teenage years, and in some individuals puberty begins in the pre-teen years. Because adolescents are experiencing various strong cognitive and physical changes, for the first time in their lives they may start to view their friends, their peer group, as more important and influential than their parents. The American Heritage Dictionary defines the word cognition as; the mental process of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning and judgment (Cognition). Because of peer pressure, they may sometimes indulge in activities not deemed socially acceptable. What is Peer Pressure? Peer pressure is the social pressure from friends or other people to accept certain beliefs or act in certain ways in order to be accepted. How and why do we get peers pressure? Everyone gives into peer pressure at one time or another, but why do people sometimes do things they didn’t want to do? Here are a few reasons. They are afraid of being rejected by others, want to be like and don’t want to lose a friend, want to appear grown up, don’t want to be made fun of, friends have a big influence on our lives, but sometimes they push us to do things we may not want to do. The first step to standing up to peer pressure is to understand it. The four main types of peer pressure is: 1. Rejection – threatening to end a friendship or relationship. This pressure can be hard to resist as nobody wants to lose friends. 2. Reasoning – telling a person reasons why they should try something or why it would be okay if they did it i. e. â€Å"your parents would never find out. † Identity is made of what drives an individual, the abilities they have, what they believe, and their personal history (Marcia, 1980). Identity is one of the main struggles in an adolescent’s life. It is very important that children receive the proper guidance while entering their adolescence from their parents and peers. Although they like to believe that they are capable of developing on their own, adolescents need parental guidance to develop their path of identity development. The relationship between a child and a parent plays an important role with an adolescent and his or her decisions about sex. (Chapman, Werner-Wilson 2008). Morality can be defined as the distinction between what is right and wrong or what is good and bad. Although, moral reasoning depends on culture which akes it difficult to define; most people don’t look at where these principles are coming from or what guides one through moral development. As children grow and learn, usually from care takers and people who inspire their every need, their morality changes based on several levels. Although researching of moral development goes as far back as Socrates, there are two psychologists that studied morality in depth and they are Lawrence Kohlberg and Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget was a cognitive developmental psychologist spending most of his time working with children and adolescents, including his own. Although, Piaget’s observation of moral development wasn’t in depth like Kohlberg, he allowed for a basic understanding. He believed that moral development occurred in stages. Piaget strongly believed in education and thought interaction in an education setting allowed children maximum potential in cognitive development. Piaget believed in many things, but when it came to moral development there were only two basic principles. The first principle was that children develop moral ideas in stages and could not skip stages, although movement from one stage to the other could vary in length. Lastly he believed that children create their own perception of their world, including whether their actions enforce what is morally right or wrong. â€Å"Piagets ideas of moral realism and morality of cooperation play a role in Kohlbergs theory. Children in Piagets stage of moral realism believe that rules are absolute and cant be changed. Punishment should be determined by how much damage is done, and the intention of the child is not taken into account. A child has many milestones to reach through adolescence. The success of these milestones depends on normal development. Milestones can be challenging regardless of age and size. However, some children experience abnormal development and also delays. Detecting signs of abnormal development in certain age groups requires an understanding of development milestones. There for this leads us to the major physical, cognitive, self made motivational experience of adolescents that are a variety of developmental outcomes of identity, morality, transitional stages, beginnings of puberty and the full commitment to an adult social role, and sexual maturity.

Market With Respect To Customers And Segmentation Marketing Essay

Market With Respect To Customers And Segmentation Marketing Essay Analysis of market with respect to customers and segmentation is a fundamental process for any market offering. Several researches has been conducting on analyzing the factors on which the homogenous markets are segmented into several groups and are made heterogeneous with respect to some attributes possessed by the customers. Market segmentation is a challenge by marketers to identify group of customers with similar attributes and then target the product according to their different needs. These segments which are made as a result of market segmentation process, are then refined and one or several segments are selected to target a particular product or market offering. The process of selecting appropriate group of customers for a particular market offering is a part of planning before the product is initially launched in the market. The overall marketing efforts are the post consequences of this process or in other way these market efforts are based on attributes possessed by the customer. Each set of customers is targeted according to their attributes. Therefore it is of crucial importance for marketers to identify these attributes of customers that can be satisfied by the product offered in the market. However, after all these planning and marketing segmentation it is a common issue for marketers to indentify the actual target market for their market offering. Sometimes it is also observed that a product targeted to a particular segment is also being used by other customers that falls apart from that targeted segment. Segments are made on several characteristics like age, gender, geographic location, personality type, income group etc. It is the decision of the marketers to segment the market according to a particular or several characteristics. The ultimate goal of this process is to match the attributes of market offering to customer needs. The processes of marketing effort followed by segmentation analysis and selection are given a direction to target that particular segment and highlight the product attributes with respect to customer needs. In our research we make an attempt to study the effect of linking a market offering to a specific segment on its acceptance by another segment. During this research we have identified several products that are linked to a particular customer segment based on different characteristics. Mainly we have divided these market offerings into three sections that are: market offerings linked to a particular gender, market offerings linked to a particular age group, market offerings linked to a particular geographic location. We included these products in our survey to identify customers acceptance of a product that is linked to a particular segment by another segment that is not targeted by that product. Problem statement To study the effects of linking market offerings to specific customer segments on its acceptance by other customer segments. In this problem statement well study the effect of linking market offerings to specific customer segments as an independent variable. We will be including market offerings that are linked to a particular market segment and will study its effect by identifying the acceptance of these products by other segments. Therefore, the acceptance of market offerings that are linked to a particular segment by another segment will be dependent variable. Hypotheses For conducting this research we have created the following hypotheses: H1: Linking a market offering to a particular customer segment based on age does not have any effect on its acceptance by another segment based on age. H2: Linking a market offering to a particular customer segment based on gender does not have any effect on its acceptance by another segment based on gender. H3: Linking a market offering to a particular customer segment based on geographic location does not have any effect on its acceptance by another segment based on geographic location. Outline of the study Initially this study included the introduction to our research. In first chapter we tried to elaborate on our research topic. We discussed the issues that lead us towards our research problem. Furthermore we motioned our research problem statement along with the variables well study from our research problem. To test the variables we have formulated our hypotheses that well check in our result section. The second chapter brings about focus of research studies obtained from various research papers available. We did in depth study of around fifteen research papers related to our study and provided a brief discussion about their views regarding their respective field of study. This will provide a theoretical base for our study. The third chapter describes our research methods in detail. It will cover methods of our data collection. The sampling technique we used to collect our data from respondents, along with the sample size. Instrument of data collection that we have used and the validity and reliability of data collected from that instrument. The research model is represented in diagram and statistical technique that we have used is also discussed. The fourth section includes results of our study. This will be supported by statistical outputs of our data analysis and its interpretation to elaborate our results in theoretical terms. In the end of this section well provide hypotheses assessment summary. The fifth chapter will provide the conclusion on basis our results and discussions about it. The implications of our study on practical grounds. It will further indicate the areas of research that we can vision for further research. Definitions Market offering: any product tangible or intangible that is offered in market or customers. Market segmentation: Process of segmenting market into similar segments. Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Johnson (1971) found that market segmentation studies can produce result which indicates desired marketing action. Techniques which are presentably available can (1) construct a product space (2) discover the shape of distribution of consumers idea point throughout such a space, and (3) identify likely opportunity for new and modified produce. Wendell R. Smith (1956) found in his studies that market segmentation is done by viewing different preference of different groups. Consumers with similar requirements and preferences are considered as a segment. Segmentation in this way in done in order to satisfy consumer wants. Through market segmentation marketers can identify the required marketing action. These technique help to indentify new offering that could be designed. Different offerings could be designed according to the customer requirements. These groups with different requirements are then divided into segments in order to bring in new products in the market (Johnson, 1971). Market segmentation consists of viewing a heterogeneous market (one characterized by divergent demand) as a number of smaller homogeneous markets in response to differing product preferences among important market segments. It is attributable to the desires of consumers or users for more precise satisfaction of their varying wants. As market segmentation simultaneously addresses the roles of both marketers and customers, the segmentation concept has captured the attention of many scholars and practitioners alike in the field. Accordingly, within the last few years, a number of new developments have emerged in market segmentation. Segmentation is based upon development on the demand side of market and represents a rational and more precise adjustment of product marketing effort to consumer or user requirements.(Smith 1956). Segmentation helps companies to achieve competitive advantage., as different segments leads to different outcomes. Segmentation helps marketers identify the role of consumer preferences. This segmentation is based on the demand by different consumer groups. Marketers design market offerings by evaluating difference preference of different segments so that it could satisfy their needs. Age based segmentation is done by dividing people into similar age groups. The first age group that was born 1946 and 1964 are known as baby boomers I . They are more prone to make saving and questioning authority, so marketers have to design the product that has more cost to benefit ratio plus they have to provide more information about the offering. The second age based segment is baby boomer II 1964 and 1973 these are more towards spending then savings. N-Gens and Generation X segment are the once that are born between 1977 and 1987 and age from 1984 to 1994 respectively. They are more prone to spending money then saving. They prefer using internet as mean to socialize with people they know, so marketers need to produce product that close to technology. (Bidwell) The brand extension decision is strategically critical to an organization. Though an extension is a way to exploit perhaps the most important asset owned by a business, it also risks decreasing the value of that asset. The wrong extension could create damaging associations that may be expensive, or even impossible, to change. Ries and Trout (1981). For most brand extensions, a motivating rationale is that the original brand has associations that will be helpful to the extension. The impact of a brand association, however, can be harmful to the extension. For example, the Betty Crocker attribute association might be viewed as negative if the name were used on fashion product designed to appeal to young women. Zeithaml (1988) Brand extension is of the most dangerous decision that a company make. The motivation behind brand extension is that the existing parent brand helps the new brand to acquire its place in the market. But as it get positive effects from parent brand it could also put a negative effect on the parent brand. As in case of failure or success of brand extension it some how reflects the reliability and success of an existing parent brand. Unrelated extensions are some times might be disastrous for the company. Gender identity, sometimes referred to as an individuals psychological sex, has been defined as the fundamental, existential sense of ones maleness or femaleness. (Spence, 1984) A number of researchers have attempted to relate purchases of product types or specific brands to personality traits of the purchasers. These researchers advanced the basic hypothesis that individuals who consume in a certain manner will also manifest certain common personality characteristics, leading to prediction of consumer behavior. (Grubb Grathwohl, 1967) When attempting to measure whether segmentation has succeeded or failed. It is important to clarify the notion of success. Little research has dealt directly with the question of success and failure in segmentation research. (Dibb, 1998) With many questions regarding the relationship between marketing strategy and measurable business outcomes, proved the link with particular strategic decisions. It is difficult to achieve. (Dibb, 1998) The classic illustration of bad understanding of segmentation principles comes from the following quotation from a MD which emerges from a study examining the competitiveness of British industries. The study recommended that British businesses were reasonably weak in the application of a segmentation approach: I dont know if we segment the markets, or who we really place ourselves against the opposition. I expect our advertising agency knows. I think we are almost certainly up-market, because we advertise in some very posh magazines (Doyle et al., 1986) Some business view segmentation other as a tactical trick than as a staid strategic marketing tool. In some respect it has become industrys buzz expression. The cure for anything and everything. The attraction to view segmentation as an additional of marketings goodies in a kind of bitter shop mentality may be just too huge. Advertising executives sometimes criticize that product and brand managers view endorsement as a tactical answer to short-term declines in sales. When the months figures are reduced, advertising personnel complain that the managers visit the promotions bitter shop, with a steady stream of requirements for quick-hit campaign. Segmentation is sometimes view in the same manner, used tactically to deliver short-term payback, ignoring the need for a longer-term viewpoint. For customers the outcome can be a confusing mix of conflicting marketing programmers. (Dibb, 1998) Managers responsibility segmentation analysis for the first time often state surprise at the lack of sensible guidance and step-by step approach to help. This conversation begins by reviewing the kinds of question which practitioners ask when moving out segmentation study, then examines the degree to which available guidance matches up to these supplies. The following questions, which are characteristic of those asked by practitioners responsibility segmentation for the first time, are drawn from deliberations with managers at several divisions of an industrial chemical trade. (Dibb, 1998) The repayment of following a plan for the entirety of the segmentation project is apparent. Planning encourages the location of clear objectives, so that marketers found from the start exactly what they desire to achieve from the keep fit. This also increases the chance that measures will be designed to confirm that objectives have been achieved. (Doyle et al., 1986) Like the target of any market segment, racial targeting is done by brand manager to maximize sales and income. The basic rationale after this strategy is that a variety of promotion programs (unique combination of products, publicity, pack-ages, pricing, sharing, etc.), each intended to better match the psychology and happiness of a separable section, will eventually produce more sales and income than would a single undifferentiated mar-kiting agenda, so called mass promotion.( Polly, Lee and -Whitney, 1965) Marketing segmentation is ordinary among large consumer merchandise firms and has incurred criticism only when the product itself is challenging. The central concern, therefore, is not classically with the use of event or sex as a basis for marketplace analysis and idea. Selective targeting can be benign or even helpful, but only if the product is. When the mar-kiting process is deferential and appropriately customized it may be more applicable, efficient and may provide better service and settlement to targeted segments. But if the product is unpleasant, even ad-dative and deadly, segmentations competence delivers more death and illness, not more payback, and pro-vides damage, not a service. (Polly, Lee and -Whitney, 1965) Segmentation in commerce markets should reflect the association needs of the party involved and should not be based solely on the customary consumer market loom, which is primarily the collapse method. Through use of both the collapse and the build-up approach, a more correct, in-depth, and potentially more gainful view of industrial market can be achieve (Crittenden, Crittenden, and Musky, 2002). However, evils remain concerning the practical Application and completion of B2B segmentation. Managers account that the analysis process are reasonably clear, but it is not clear how they be supposed to choose and evaluate flanked by the market segments which have been resolute. (Nude and Cheng, 2003). Much segmentation theory has been developed during the period when transactional marketing was the principal approach to marketing, rather than the more relational approaches adopted in todays service-dominated environment. Under these circumstances, the allocation of resources to achieve the designated marketing mix goals was of key importance. (Naudà © and Cheng, 2003). Evils with the segmentation literature debate with a range of market practitioners from industry as varied as industrial substance and car mechanism to distillers and nibble foods are quick to condemn the convenience and ease of use of the so-called academic writing. The use of technical and turgid speech is a particularly common disparagement, though not unique to the segmentation literature. While it is beyond the scope of this piece to conduct a complete examination of general question about the style and arrangement of academic literature, it is important to discover issues which are specific to the segmentation text. One of the most fundamental concerns is that the writing reflects a inlet between educational and practitioner needs and that academics have a research agenda which sets different kinds of priorities to those of practitioners. A second area of worry is that the literature fails to believe some of the sensible constraints faced by marketers seeking to implement segme ntation advance. (Dibb, 1998) Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODS 3.1 Method of Data Collection The method of data collection for this research will be Personal Surveying Technique which is highly effective for this research study. As far as the procedure is concerned for the collection of data. Firstly we will visit respondents according to the proposed sample size and ask them to solve the questionnaire for the research study. If respondents have the time they can fill the questionnaire at the moment in any other case they can fill at later time or date and the researcher can gather the questionnaire upon the set time from the respondent. 3.2 Sampling Technique Researcher proposes to use Non probability based sampling, where the researcher selects the sample based on convenience sampling, data will be mostly based on questionnaire since the researchers dont have that much time and is short of resources. 3.3 Sample size   Number of respondents for this study is 250 users for around 14 different brands which are gender, age or geography based linked. 3.4 Instrument for Data Collection   Self administered questionnaire will be used to collect data from the correspondents, which will have ample number of questions to address all the variables of the study. Various options would also be assigned to each question to measure the variables. 3.4.1 Validity and Reliability Test The validity and reliability of our data that we gathered in our study is given by the following cron-batch alpha statistical test. TABLE 3.4.1 Reliability and Validity Test Case Processing Summary N % Cases Valid 246 98.4 Excludeda 4 1.6 Total 250 100.0 a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha N of Items .769 60 Here the value of Cronbachs Alpha is 0.769 that is about 77%. This confirms that our data is 77% valid and can be consider as reliable data for this study. 3.5 Research Model Developed Figure 3.5 This model refers to our variables and the effect that we have studies in our research. 3.6 Statistical Technique We have used custom table percentage method in which we have developed combine effect of customers perception about the product designed for and who will use the product in percentage terms. CHAPTER4: RESULTS 4.1 Findings and Interpretations of the Results Table 4.1.1 Zong Lahore Unlimited Custom Tables Who else can use People of Karachi People of Lahore People of Pakistan Any other Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Karachi 3.6% 1.2% 1.6% .0% Lahore 5.2% 55.6% 18.8% .0% All pakistan .8% 4.0% 8.4% .4% Any other .0% .0% .4% .0% Table 4.1.2 Ufone-Prepaid Karachi Offer Custom Tables Who else can use People of Karachi People of Lahore People of Pakistan Any other Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Karachi 58.0% 6.4% 18.8% .4% Lahore 2.8% .0% 1.6% .0% All pakistan 4.0% .4% 6.8% .0% Any other .0% .4% .4% .0% Table 4.1.3 Jazz- Karachi Bachat Offer Custom Tables Who else can use People of Karachi People of Lahore People of Pakistan Any other Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Karachi 57.6% 4.8% 20.8% 1.2% Lahore 1.2% 1.2% .4% .0% All pakistan 4.0% .8% 6.8% .4% Any other .0% .4% .0% .0% 14.00 .4% .0% .0% .0% Table 4.1.4 Zong- Karachi Unlimited Custom Tables Who else can use People of Karachi People of Lahore People of Pakistan Any other Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Karachi 62.0% 3.6% 17.2% .0% Lahore 1.2% .4% 1.6% .0% All pakistan 3.6% .4% 9.6% .4% Any other .0% .0% .0% .0% Table 4.1.5 Omore Karachi ka dil khusheyon se fill Custom Tables Who else can use People of Karachi People of Lahore People of Pakistan Any other Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Karachi 42.0% 2.8% 22.0% .8% Lahore .4% 2.4% .8% .0% All pakistan 2.8% 2.4% 22.0% .4% Any other .8% .0% .4% .0% The above mentioned tables are related to geographic location linked to a particular segment. As a common result we can justify that even there is a lot of variation in customers perception and acceptance but if we concentrate on where majority lies we can conclude that a product that is linked to a particular geographic location is used by the customers belonging to that location. Hence the other geographic segment does not accept the marketing offer linked to another geographic segment. Table 4.1.6 Jang- Bachon ka jang Custom Tables Who else can use 10 yrs or below 11-18 yrs 19-26 yrs above 26 All ages Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for 10 yrs or below 18.5% 18.1% 2.8% .4% 3.2% 11-18 yrs 12.0% 19.7% 7.6% .4% 7.2% 19-26 yrs 1.6% .4% 2.8% .8% 2.4% above 26 .4% .4% .8% .4% .0% Table 4.1.7 Jang- Bachon ka jang Custom Tables Who else can use 10 yrs or below 11-18 yrs 19-26 yrs above 26 All ages Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for 10 yrs or below 18.5% 18.1% 2.8% .4% 3.2% 11-18 yrs 12.0% 19.7% 7.6% .4% 7.2% 19-26 yrs 1.6% .4% 2.8% .8% 2.4% above 26 .4% .4% .8% .4% .0% Table 4.1.8 Djuice- its fun to be young Custom Tables Who else can use 10 yrs or below 11-18 yrs 19-26 yrs above 26 All ages Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for 10 yrs or below 1.6% .4% .4% .0% .0% 11-18 yrs 2.8% 11.2% 14.8% .4% 5.6% 19-26 yrs .8% 22.8% 19.6% 6.0% 11.6% above 26 .0% .4% .8% .4% .4% Table 4.1.9 HBL- Young Savers Account (upto 18 years) Custom Tables Who else can use 10 yrs or below 11-18 yrs 19-26 yrs above 26 All ages 14.00 Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for 10 yrs or below 2.4% 4.4% 1.6% .0% .0% .0% 11-18 yrs 16.0% 35.2% 11.2% .8% 4.0% .4% 19-26 yrs .4% 4.0% 11.2% 2.8% 2.0% .0% above 26 .0% .4% 1.2% 1.2% .8% .0% Table 4.1.10 Dawn- Young World Custom Tables Who else can use 10 yrs or below 11-18 yrs 19-26 yrs above 26 All ages 41.00 Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for 10 yrs or below 7.6% 10.0% .4% .0% 1.6% .0% 11-18 yrs 14.0% 20.0% 13.2% 2.0% 9.6% .4% 19-26 yrs 1.2% 4.0% 6.0% 2.4% 2.4% .0% above 26 .8% .8% 1.2% .8% 1.6% .0% In this section of our instrument we presented the market offering linked to a particular customer segment based on age group. The general result of all 4 market offerings is showing that there is a significant variation in usage of product designed for a particular age by other age groups. Hence we can conclude that a market offering linked to a particular age group is accepted by other age groups. Table 4.1.11 Garnier Men Custom Tables Who else can use Male only female only both genders Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Male only 66.8% 4.0% 14.2% female only 3.2% 2.0% 2.4% both genders 1.2% .4% 5.7% Table 4.1.12 Jazz-Ladies Package Custom Tables Who else can use Male only female only both genders Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Male only 6.4% 2.8% 1.2% female only 2.8% 31.2% 29.6% both genders 3.2% 4.0% 18.8% Table 4.1.13 Gillette- The best a Man can get Custom Tables Who else can use Male only female only both genders Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Male only 68.1% 4.0% 10.5% female only 4.0% 2.8% 2.0% both genders 2.8% .4% 5.2% Table 4.1.13 Head and Shoulder- for Men Custom Tables Who else can use Male only female only both genders Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Male only 41.5% 5.6% 25.4% female only 4.8% .4% 1.2% both genders 2.8% 2.0% 16.1% Table 4.1.14 Ufone- Ladies Package Custom Tables Who else can use Male only female only both genders Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Male only 4.4% 3.2% 2.0% female only 3.2% 33.1% 26.2% both genders 3.6% 3.6% 20.6% In this last section we presented market offerings that are linked to a particular gender. In this it is not justifiable to give a general consensus for all the 5 products we presented. There is a different pattern of behavior that is identifies and it is with respect to the nature of the product. Hence we can conclude that for cosmetic or body care products the market offering linked to a particular gender is not used by other gender and hence not accepted. However in case of telecommunication packages, a market offering linked to a particular gender is accepted by other gender and they can use it. 4.2 Hypotheses Assessment Summary Table 4.2 Hypotheses Assessment HYPOTHESES SUMMARY ASSESMENT H1:- Market offering linked to a particular customer segment based on age does not have any effect on another customer segment based on age. With respect to age we have seen there is a lot of variation in usage of product by other age groups. H1 accepted H2:- Market offering linked to a particular customer segment based on geographic location does not have any effect on another customer segment based on geographic location. With respect to geographic location prominent behavior is that a market offering is used by same geographic location its linked to rather than other geographic locations. H2 rejected H3:- Market offering linked to a particular customer segment based on gender does not have any effect on another customer segment based on gender. In this the usage of a product by other gender is according to the nature of product however the prominent behavior suggest that the product linked to a particular gender is not used by opposite gender H3 accepted CHAPTER 5: CONLUSION, DISCUSSION, IMPLICATION AND FU

Prologue Of History :: essays research papers

Prologue of History Until statehood, Hawaii was ruled economically by a consortium of corporations known as the "Big Five": C. Brewer and Co., sugar, ranching, and chemicals, founded in 1826; Theo. H. Davies & Co., sugar, investments, insurance, and transportation, founded in 1845; Amfac Inc. (originally H. Hackfield Inc.-a German firm that changed its name and ownership during the anti-German sentiment of WW I to American Factors), sugar, insurance, and land development, founded in 1849; Castle and Cooke Inc., (Dole) pineapple, food packing, and land development, founded 1851; and Alexander and Baldwin Inc., shipping, sugar, and pineapple, founded in 1895. This economic oligarchy ruled Hawaii with a velvet glove and a steel grip. With members on all important corporate boards, they controlled all major commerce, including banking, shipping, insurance, hotel development, agriculture, utilities, and wholesale and retail merchandising. Anyone trying to buck the system was ground to dust, finding it suddenly impossible to do business in the islands. The Big Five were made up of the islands' oldest and most well-established haole families; all included bloodlines from Hawaii's own nobility and ali'i. They looked among themselves for suitable husbands and wives, so breaking in from the outside even through marriage was hardly possible. The only time they were successfully challenged prior to statehood was when Sears, Roebuck and Co. opened a store on Oahu. Closing ranks, the Big Five decreed that their steamships would not carry Sears's freight. When Sears threatened to buy its own steamship line, the Big Five relented. In the end, statehood, and more to the point, tourism, broke their oligarchy. After 1960 too much money was at stake for Mainland-based corporations to ignore. Eventually the grip of the Big Five was loosened, but they are still enormously powerful and richer than ever, though these days they don't control everything. Now their power is land. With only five other major landholders, the Big Five control 65 percent of all the privately held land in Hawaii. Why was the 1946 Strike so important? Before 1946, Hawaii's economy, politics and social structures were completely dominated by a corporate elite known as the Big Five (Alexander & Baldwin, American Factors, Castle & Cooke, C. Brewer, & Theo. Davies). The leaders of these factor companies exercised absolute control over Hawaii's plantation workers and the majority of the islands multi-ethnic workforce. The 1946 strike forever changed the balance of power between workers and the plantations. No longer would living and working conditions be set unilaterally by the plantation owners or their parent corporations. Nor was the lesson lost on the workers outside the plantation either. As sugar workers were now successful in

Open Source Software

The open source software filling with innovation and vitality 1. Introduction With computer’s development, the software of the computer is more powerful. The software can be divided into two parts which are free and fee-based, and also can be classified with the closed software and the open source software. In order to understand the features of the open source software, and know the reason why the software can be filled with vitality and innovation, which attract a lot of technicists devoting themselves.This paper will give a deep analysis of the open source software in nearly all ranks. This essay mainly includes four parts. Firstly, giving an introduction to the definition of the open innovation and the open source movement and what is the Linux and the history and development of the Linux. Secondly, enumerating some wide use of the open source softwares and taking Linux for example to analyze strengths of open and innovation source software. Thirdly, the author will discus s the challenges and the future of the open source and innovation software.Finally, the author makes a conclusion for the value of the open source and the open innovation. After reading this essay, it’s my target to make you have a better and deep understanding of the concept of open source and open innovation, attempt to make use of the open source software such as Linux operating system, realize the great value of the open source and open innovation, and also be aware of some challenges of the open source and open innovation as well as its future. 2.Open innovation,open source,history of Unix and Linux Henry Chesbrough who is a professor and executive director create the term of open innovation, in his book Open Innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology, though the idea and discussion about some consequences (especially the inter firm cooperation in R&D) date as far back as the 60s (Chesbrough, 2003). With the development of technology and kn owledge, new creation of the products begins to face challenges. In order to create new alue, we must established extensive connection with the outside world widely, realize the complementary advantages in the knowledge dissemination and sharing to speed up inner innovation. In software, for example, companies such as SAP and Microsoft have started to build research labs on university all over the world to improve the integration of outside-in innovation to create new commercial benefit. Even Apple that is so strong no matter from any ways had to open up its proprietary technology to appeal to the high-tech users.There are some outstanding examples in the electronic industry which are Philips' open innovation park, Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center, Siemens' open innovation program and IBM's open source initiatives. Today, open innovation has been driven by many computer software suppliers on a strategic level. Nowdays the open source software that needs more creative can appeal to people to use. Due to open innovation, we can concentrate the inner and outer power on developing the creation or innovation.The  open source movement  is a profound movement of individuals who support the use of  open source  licenses for some or all software. Open source software is made available for anybody to use or modify, as its source code is made available. Some open-source software is based on a share-alike principle, whereby users are free to pass on the software subject to the rule that any enhancements or changes are just as freely available to the public, while other open-source projects may be freely incorporated into any derivative work, open-source or proprietary(Eu. conecta, 2011) .The open source software allows users to use some or even all software by giving them authorization. What is more, sometimes, the source code is also available to users. That makes it possible for users to read and modify the source code. Usually, any individual can changes and m odify the code and make available to public, and other users can download his/her code, read his/her code, discuss with the writer, and enhance the code. By doing so, the source code can be optimized and consequently the software will be more powerful and a stabilized system because of some users’ creative ideas and critical thinking.The open source is a profound revolution by taking the advantage of users’ participation(Eu. conecta, 2011). Nowdays the security of software is more and more concerned. Though the open source, we can solve the problem of security by a mass of programmers. With the open innovation and open source movement developed, there are a vast of professional and perfect softwares happened. For example, Linux and Unix, Unix operating system that many of the cooperative programmers make efforts in the 1970s is the most successful program that could run on different computer device.A free version of Unix operating system can be attempted to build by th e developers in 1986. There is a project called GNU that stand for â€Å"Gnu’s not Unix† allowing programmers to contribute to the development effort regardless of individual or commercial interests. The most important thing is that the operating system is free for user. The GNU is very famous as a copyleft agreement including four points. The first is that software can be copied and distributed under the GNU license. The second is that products that are obtained and distributed under this license may be sold.The third is that user can alter the source code, but if they want to distribute or publish the source code, they must make the software work under the GNU license. The third is that without a GNU license, the source code could not work , through an individual can modify, distribute and publish the source code. The fourth is that we can develop the assistant technology for the open source software which don’t include core licensed under the GNU license. Ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s not published as the Linux kernel created by a young student who is called Linus Torvalds until in1991.He gave programmers his code so they can contribute to revise and develop the code. Linux becomes into an advanced and powerful operating system, because a mass of programmers analyze the code and write development that Linus included into Linux. With the Linux improved rapidly, there are a series of versions of Linux delivered that can meet different needs. 3. The strengths of open and innovation source software In this section, the author will talk about the wide use of open and innovation source software and its strengths and profound impact to modern society and some traditional fee-based software.It is hard to realize something until we stop for a while and look at how different it is from the software that we know. The open and innovation source software have some incomparable advantages that conventional paid software can’t match. The author will take Linux f or example to discuss the strengths and impact of open and innovation source software. Firstly, the open source movement is the collaborative nature that allows smaller companies to take part in the global economy. The smaller companies or individuals can have rights to access to create, organize, or distribute the software.It’s an equal opportunities for people around the world to participate in the movement. So the movement has attracted more and more involved. There are over 120,000 programmers all over the world who are distributed internationally and support Linux as a means of reducing the large companies’ technical domination (Ceraso, A. , & Pruchnic, J,2007) . It is computed that only 5-10 percent of code of the Linux kernel remains compiled by Linus Torvalds. The collaborative nature create the culture of sharing, which is pervasive in the programming project.Programmers in those project help each other, make progress together to complete the programming. Seco ndly, the creation of open source software is not individual so that we can reduce the cost. The Research and Development of Linux operating system is made efforts by volunteer labor that is worth about two billion dollars (Kusnetsky and Greg , 1999). Companies like Microsoft that develop the windows operating system spend about $80-100 million per year. Technologists are addicted to the code of Linux programming due to their hobbies or personal interest.The programmers don not care the money and time so that they can devote themselves into it with their professional responsibilities. Individuals who have keen interest in coding and software creation or distribution promote the development of the open source software, which is not different from the proprietary software which is motivated by the money gain. Sometimes the developers want to get satisfaction and a reputation from other programmers by contributing to the open source code. Others want to receive such as good job offers, shares in programming values and so on.Thirdly, system administrator in the development of open source software will have control in the risk of deploying the tool. It is similar to in a corporate organization that Linux has a leadership structure. Linus Torvalds is a header in the Linux community who is a respected manager that can control the progress of programming, and his thoughts are considered final. Torvalds can appoint some programmers to be responsible for managing specific part of the project, and in reverse the programmers can guide other coordinators.However, this leadership structure only is suited to the Linux kernel; it does not apply to program such as system utilities. Fourthly, there is a major advantage in the open source code that is the ability for a mass of various people to edit and fix problems and errors that have occurred. The advantage is that programmers make improvements to open source software and will give meaningful feedback to the original programm er. The feedback benefits the entire project. Because of the feedback, the open source softwares become more and more powerful, riskless, high-quality.Fifthly, open source programs divide into small teams of programmers that work independently to settle specific problems. Those teams are parallel development that can make it possible for 435 Linux projects to be underway (Sullivan, 2011). Parallel debugging can improve the efficiency of individuals working on the project. Parallel debugging can feed back quicker modifications than traditional development. For example, Linux is attacked by the TearDrop IP because of some bugs, but Linux programmers repair it in less than 24 hours (Sullivan, 2011). Sixthly, open source software has the feature of the long-term sustainability.The open source software is different from the proprietary softwares, which is not driven out of business in the short-term. The open source software will be still developed all the time so long as the programmer can keep the sufficient interest and skills, even the user always has the choice to work in the house, maintain the running of the software and support to continue the programming of the software. It can have been seen the strengths of open and innovation source software. Better quality, higher reliability, more flexibility, lower cost, and an end to predatory vendor lock-in are the targets of the open source software.It is important to maintain the open source definition that creates a trusted group that connects all users and developers together. Just because of the strengths of open and innovation source software, expect for the Linux or Unix operating system, there are some other excellent softwares such as apache that is successful server software and scripting programming language on the web, Mozilla that is a excellent web browser like IE and mysql that is very popular database management system, giving people different experience and meeting the diversity of requirements. Th ese softwares also have been extremely successful. . Challenges of open source and innovation software Even though the open source and innovation softwares have gained great success in many areas, but there are still challenges facing in front. One challenge is the quality of the open source and innovation software. Previous research has shown that the size of software module have a certain relationship with software defects. For example some scholars think that there is an U-shaped relationship between software modules and software defect, therefore, the software module wants to be moderate, too big or too small scale will lead to defect increased.Despite criticism of scholars views, but the size of the software modules should be paid attention to control In the software development to ensure software quality,which recognized by most of scholars. However, the above conclusion is based on the non-open source software, and is not suitable for quality control of the open source softwa re, because the module of the open source software usually is constantly changing the old module, adding a new module or deleting constantly in the process of evolution of software development.Koru AG, Zhang Dongsovg, LiuHongfang take Mozilla for example to prove that there is a relationship between the size of of module of the open source software and the defects of product, and the results still show that l with software quality has a direct relationship with the scale of the software. Although there are a large number of experts auditing the open source software quality on the surface, but in fact, there are a small number of relatively fixed experts auditing the quality periodically,even some softwares don't have a quality audit, which is one of reasons that the quality of open-source software is doubted.Another risk is the legal risk of business development using open source. First, there is a problem that copyright of Open source software is unknown. Open source software often has a very complex origin because of its special patterns of development. Open source software has a massive pool of programming expertise all over the world to develop. For example, there may be a few people, more dozens, or hundreds of people contributing to the programming of open source software. Over one thousand people are needed in large projects such as Linux operating system (Langley, 2007).But the participants have a variety of backgrounds, as a result, It is difficult to ensure that their codes don’t have problems. This kind of confusion property rights of knowledge and complex situation makes a lot of open source software have a risk of infringement all the time. For example, Linux was suspected of violating the copyright of Unix programming code belongs to the company of SCO. For the problems of infringement ,license of open can’t provide any special terms or other promises to ensure that the programmers who devote to projects don’t violate the int ellectual property of others.Due to these licenses that do not provide any liability protection, there is a risk of open source software for commercial development. Second, There are other problem such as the infringement of patent rigth and trademark right that we should pay attention on. 5. Commercial value and trend of open source and innovation software In this part, we will discuss the open source software’s economic value and predict its future. On one hand, a lot of commercial software companies are always paying attention to the rapid development of open source software.Due to the massive excellent open source software projects and high quality codes, if the resources can be directly used, business company can save a lot of cost. The company of Business software develops commercial software based on the open source codes, which is flexible to decide based-fee or free when it is used for commercial purposes. For individuals, it is still free to use the commercial softw are, of course, Except commercial purposes, at the same time, these companies can provide technical service’s support.This flexible business model is more and more welcomed by more and more business software company. On the other hand, launch of android makes people be full of expectation for the open source software. Because of the open source software portability, custom pattern of Linux is a breakthrough of the industry model. Custom pattern of Linux because of the current Linux operating system that has deficiencies at performance, stability, and grasping the user needs ,can meet the user’s requirements. Though we discuss the commercial value of open source software, we can predict the trends of the open source software.In the future, the suppliers of open source software will have a closer relationship among themselves. Due to the development of the industry, the model of self-reclusive development do not clearly conform to the trend of the times, high requirement s of the software in the future promote manufacturers of open source software Seeking a deeper cooperation among themselves, which provides effective means to compete with the large proprietary software vendors for the supplier of open source software. The overall open source solutions are easier than traditional solutions on the deployment and maintenance.From hardware to software infrastructure, enterprise customers will know and experience the effective cost of overall open source solutions. Grasping the good opportunity of open source software will have a better future. 6 . Conclusion Now the software’s feature is more complex and the work of software’s programming is more lager, the open source software occupy a lot of advantages such as its collaborative nature which can offer customizability and, as a result, promotes the adoption of its products, the open innovation which is not proprietary, resulting in lower costs and so on.Now software is built more complica ted and the work of programming is more lager than ever. Because the open source software is not proprietary, that means taking the advantage of collaboration and customizability could lower the cost and make the software system stronger. From the introduction above, It can have been already cleared the definition of open innovation, the open source movement and the history of Unix, Linux operating system. Though the deeper analysis, it can be known the reason why the open source softwares become more and more popular is that powerful strength of open source software.Just because of this, there are some excellent software such as Linux, apache and mysql giving people different experience and meeting the diversity of requirements. These softwares also have been extremely successful. For now the use of open source software in some areas is limited, but its value will dig out driven by the maturity of technology and idea. However, there are also challenges. One difficulty is the promis e of the quality of the open source software. And another difficulty is the legal risk of business development using open source.Notwithstanding the challenges, the quality of massive open source software could prove invaluable over time. From the author’s perspective, driven by the portable, the open source software will have much huger development space, play more important role in some developed areas and show unimaginative value in some undeveloped areas as well. References A. Carleton, et al. (1992), â€Å"Software Measurement for DoD Systems: Recommendations for Initial Core Measures,† Software Engineering Institute, CMU/SEI-92-TR-19. B. Curtis, H. Krasner, and N.Iscoe (1988), â€Å"A Field Study of the Software Design Process for Large Systems,† Communications of the ACM, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 1268-1287. B Littlewood and D Miller (1989), â€Å"Conceptual Modeling of Coincident Failures in Multi-Version Software†, IEEE Transactions on Software Engine ering, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 1596-1614. B. Perens (1999), â€Å"The Open Source Definition,† in Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution , C. DiBona, S. Ockman, and M. Stone, Eds. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly, pp. 171-188. Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open Innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology.Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Definition of Open Source: Open Source Initiative Retrieved . Kusnetsky, Dan, IDC, and Greg Weiss, DH Browen (1999), Linux E-Seminar M. Krochmal (1999), â€Å"Linux Interest Expanding,† in TechWeb, at http://www. techweb. com/wire/story/TWB19990521S0021 Norman Fenton (1994), â€Å"Software Measurement: A Necessary Scientific Basis,† IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 199-206 Pearce, J. M. (2012). â€Å"The case for open source appropriate technology†. Environment, Development and Sustainability  14  (3): pp. 425–431. P.Vixie (1999), â€Å"Software E ngineering,† in Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution , C. DiBona, S. Ockman, and M. Stone, Eds. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly, pp. 91-100.. R. T. Fielding (1999), â€Å"Shared Leadership in the Apache Project,† Communications of the ACM, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 42-43. Valloppillil, Vinod, and Josh Cohen (1998), Microsoft, †Linux OS Competitive Analysis,† Halloween 2. White, Wallker (2000),†Observations, Considerations, and Directions,† Oracle, Federick Brooks in â€Å"The Mythicak Man Month. † Zhao, L. ; Deek, F. P. (2004). â€Å"User Collaboration in Open Source Software Development†. Electronic Markets  14  (2): pp. 89.

Ethos: Education and School

In this assignment I will be talking about how Ethos, Missions, Aims and Values are used within the running of the school. And how it helps to provide the highest standard of curriculum for children. As well as how this information is avaliable to parents, and where they are able to obtain this information. Ethos – A school's ethos helps to to set a framework which will help the school to provide a safe and secure learning environment. This will help to reflect its values for a good working environment.A school's positive overall ethos process will provide the school community and all its members with an environment which is paramount for obtaining a successful learning environment for all. A school's ethos is also an agreement which concerns itself with the character and spirit of a particular school, as well as making sure it is reflected in the attitude of the school including the expectations of staff and children. Missions – Missions within a school is to help to p rovide a statement of the values and principles, which help to guides a school's curriculum.It will also help the school to set program goals and objectives. Missions should make clear its purposes with which the school is aiming to achieve and the values and standards, with which this is guiding to help and of which they are consistent. Aims and values – Aims are similar to mission statements in order to make sure that every child matters. As well as parents and the community work together to provide the children with the best care. As well as helping each and every child is helped in developing skills which they will use for life long learning.As well as learning through a broad and balanced curriculum which will help them to become responsible adults. Values play an important part in helping children to feel that they are special in their own way no matter what, and making them feel comfortable within the school environment. As well as helping each child to appreciate othe rs around them whatever their religion, ethnical background etc. Ethos, Missions, Aims and Values are used in the everyday running of the school. They aim to make sure that the curriculum is met to a high standard.As well as making sure that the children are able to learn in a safe and secure environment. They also aim to make sure that the school meets their goals and objectives throughout the school year. The school will also intend to provide the children with the correct resources that will help them to become confident and individual learning, and also sure that they work with school governors to enable them to continually strive and enable them to be able to improve teaching and learning as part of research,, and provide good practice in education policies.The ways that the schools provides information on ethos,missions,aims and values can be through there brochures, which are avaliable on request to parents, governors and OFSTED. They can also palce the information on the sch ools website which again can be accesed by parents, governors etc. Schools can also provide this information at governors meetings which are held within the school. The schools can also provide the information at school events such as fetes as well as using the local media to get the information across, as well as word of mouth.Although not all parents, carers have access to the internet, which can stop them from gaining the information that they need, so they will rely on the school events, local media and word of mouth from other parents, teachers etc. Some parents, carers may not be able to understand this information so may need someone to explain the meaning of the information, in order for them to be able to understand. The effectiveness of these methods are useful as parents and governors are able to see what the school aims to achieve and how they are going to achieve their goals.Also parents and governors are able to see how this will affect the children, and how this will prepare them for adult life. They will also be able to see how these methods will meet the educational needs of the children, and how this will nurture the children, in a strong, safe and respected learning environment. Also this will help parents, carers who are unable understand the methods within a school, to feel valued, as teachers etc have taken the time to explain to them the effectiveness that ethos, missions, aims and values have within the school,From writing this assignment I can see how effective it is to have ethos, missions aims and values within a school, and how they help children to achieve the best education which will help them to achieve to the best of their abilities. In having these in place it will allow the school to have a strong structure in place, to help the school provide children and the community with a strong and safe environment.

ACT Math Tutor

What Makes for An Effective SAT/ACT Math Tutor SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You’d think that finding a good SAT/ACT Math tutor should be simple – just get someone who is really good at math to tutor you. Unfortunately, just because someone is good at math doesn’t make her the most effective tutor, particularly when it comes to the SAT or ACT. For instance, while I'm better at SAT/ACT Reading (compared to SAT/ACT Math), I'm actually a better math tutor, because I don’t always â€Å"get it" right away – I have to try out different ways to teach myself the material before I grasp it fully. Read on for more specifics on what makes the most effective SAT/ACT Math tutor. And if you want specific advice on SAT/ACT Reading tutoring as well, don't worry– we have an article about what to look for in an SAT/ACT Reading tutor here. feature image credit: Math, Math, Math, math, mathh....maaah..... by Aaron Escobar, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. Effective SAT/ACT Math Tutors Are High Scorers Effective SAT/ACT math tutors must have scored in the 99th percentile on the test. At PrepScholar, we take it one step further: not only do we exclusively hire 99th percentile scorers, but many of these tutors were perfect scorers on the sections that they tutor. Why is this important? Because in order to be able to customize teaching, a tutor must have mastered the material. This doesn’t just mean knowing the content (probability, plane geometry, etc.). Tutors need to understand HOW the SAT/ACT questions you on math. The medium to hard questions in particular are not things you would have learned in school – it’s as much about interpreting the questions as it is solving the problems. Effective SAT/ACT Math Tutors Can Pinpoint Your Weaknesses The best math tutor needs to understand WHERE students are making mistakes in the questions. When all is said and done, a particularly challenging math question can test half a dozen or more skills. Take this sample problem: There are many complicated steps you have to take to solve this problem. Understand the problem: what’s this weird question even asking for? What information does the problem give you to solve the question? How do you use this information to solve the question? How does the angle of a polygon relate to the number of sides? How many degrees are in a quadrilateral? What does this mean about the degree measure of the other two sides? What does this mean about how many sides the polygon has? A student who misses the question could be tripped up by any one of these steps. How should a tutor address this? A mediocre tutor will just make sure the student understands how to get the answer to this particular question and move on. Why is this bad? It’s inefficient – it’s highly unlikely this particular question will show up on the SAT/ACT, and so the assistance given is not generalizable. Furthermore, it doesn't identify the student's actual weaknesses - it just patches over serious problems with a quick fix. The best tutor will pinpoint exactly where the student is having issues, then work on weaknesses until there are no longer any issues.A student who doesn't understand the formula for polygon angles needs very different help from a student who makes mistakes in the algebraic portion of this question. If the tutor doesn't identify these weaknesses and address them, the student will find it very hard to improve her score. be my valentine (cc) by Martin Fisch, used under CC BY-SA 2.0. Disclaimer: We at PrepScholar do not guarantee that the best tutors will be immortalized in statue form. Effective SAT/ACT Math Tutors Will Customize Test Strategies To You The best tutors will understand optimal strategies and be able to teach them to students, customizing the strategies to a student's particular level. Read on for an example of two different strategy suggestions: one suggestion is for someone aiming for a 600 on the SAT or 27 on the ACT and the other is for someone aiming for a perfect score on the SAT/ACT). Students who are aiming for a 600 or a 27 or a can skip hardest 25% of questions and instead focus on easier ones. For more strategies like these, read our articles on how to improve low SAT Math Scores or low ACT Math scores. If you're aiming for the perfect score, on the other hand, you might need to take note of time management. Take a timed practice test, and if you run out of time, mark the questions you answer with extra time. Compare your scaled score with extra time with your realistic score (the score that only includes questions answered during the normal time period). If your score differs by more than 50 points (on the SAT) or 1 point (on the ACT), you have serious time management issues. Are you generally slow at math questions, or were there particular questions that slowed you down? For more time management tips and other strategies, read our articles on scoring an 800 in SAT Math or 36 in ACT Math. Actions To Take The best way to get a sense of any tutor’s teaching style is to get her to demonstrate how she’d explain the process of answering a difficult question. PROTIP: Pick out a question ahead of time that you previously missed and have had trouble with from a real SAT and use it every time, so you can compare the explanations of multiple tutors. I’ve also compiled a list of sample questions parents and students might want to ask potential tutors. Click to download the PDF, or click on the image below. Use the answers to these questions to assess how a tutor teaches and whether or not her particular teaching style and method will be effective for you. What’s Next? Curious about tutoring for the SAT/ACT Reading sections? If you haven’t already, read our guide to the most effective SAT/ACT Reading tutoring, as well as our article on the key qualities of an effective SAT/ACT tutor. What do tutors actually do during SAT/ACT Tutoring? Demystify the mystery with our explanation of what SAT/ACT tutoring involves here. Want to get serious about improving your SAT/ACT score? Our tutoring service is designed to be the most effective in the nation. We hire the best tutors from across the country. This is then paired with our exclusiveonline drillingprogramthat gives your tutor complete insight into your progress to design the most effective sessions. Think about what improving 160 points on your SAT, or 4 points on your ACT, can do for you. Learn more about tutoring now:

Essay on Plant and Animals

Essay on Plant and Animals Essay on Plant and Animals Around the world the talk of cloning animals has increased significantly. Because of the need for food or human selfishness ,many animals have become extinct. Whoever acquires a disease or virus usually gets the virus from another person or from the original host usually a animal. Because the main cause of many disease is still embedded in the corpse of the extinct animal, we need to bring back extinct animals. If we bring back animals we would enable the power to make special proteins which are better for the body. These animals could rapidly improve the production of animal by-products and livestock. Because people are cloning animals ,our comprehension of the pasts species is very massive.Whoever clones animals will become more advanced in medicine and science. Many animals that are extinct may have traces of deadly disease in there petrified bone marrow. Because we are cloning animals, the process of finding the origin of a disease will be reduced significantly. Whenever somebody clones a animal there is a big chance that the latest species will carry the same disease if the DNA they have made it from has tested positive they could test the animal and observe symptoms that take place du ring the sickness. When we test on animals it could kill them but if made a clone we could do multiple tests with clones and we wouldn't have to kill the animal population n. Dorsey, a clone for a horse, was apparently the vaccine for many diseases in the future. Bringing back animals would mend for our ancestors ways. In the past over hundreds of thousands even millions of species. Whoever has a bear pellet in there garage or a place which they own is a main cause of extinction. Because of all the DNA we have a dodo bird which went extinct hundreds of years ago if we were to clone them we could be the first generation to perform de-extinction. Running out of time to mate, tigers are beginning to die,

U.S. National Debt Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

U.S. National Debt - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that according to the article, Treasury Direct 2012 the size of the U.S National debt as per August 31st, 2012 stands at $16,394,000. Debt held by the public amount to 11,272,626 and the Intergovernmental holdings amounts to 4,743,144, which totals to 16,015,770. This essay discusses that the Total Public Debt subject to limit soared to 15,976,711 while the Statutory Debt Limit amounted to 16,394,000. The debt is rising at a high rate since the amount seems to increase gradually every month. In July 2012, the total Public Outstanding Debt amounted to 15,933,235, which increased to 16,015,770 in August. Still, the Total Public Debt subject to limit totaled to 15,894,576 and Statutory Debt Limit was recorded as 16,394,000. The present research has identified that the amount slightly increased to 15,976,711 of the Total Public Debt Subject to Limit and the statutory Debt Limit increased to 16,394,000. As of January 2011, the much of the debt o wned by foreigners is 10,300,000. The foreign country that owns the most U.S Treasury Securities is China with $1.16 trillion with Japan coming in second with $882 trillion lending. Following this analysis, the debt position of the country and its activities’ report create a concern of dealing with an economic recession. This is something that the country should be concerned about since if not handled it would result in an economic crisis.

Finace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Finace - Essay Example It is typical of regulatory environments to offer incentives to managers as way of spurring increased risk taking by the banks for the benefit of the larger population. Typical provisions found in different regulatory frameworks include branching and new entry restrictions, pricing restrictions (interest rate regulation and other prices/fees controls, restrictions to the line of business, ownership linkages regulation between financial institutions bank portfolio asset’s restriction, compulsory insurance deposits, and capital-adequacy requirements, reserve requirements, and requirements to direct credit to favored sectors or enterprises, among others (Claessens & Laeven, 2005). Different regulatory environments may from time to time ease on the regulations as a form of incentive to bank managers and hence spur increased risk taking by banks. One way through which incentives may put forth is with regard to branching regulations. In order to increase the rate at which the larger population embraces banking, regulatory environment may be eased to allow banks to open more branches and hence reach out to the population more closely (Baltensperger, 2007). Such a move allows bank managers an incentive that will motivate them to expand their operations. This is definitely an increased risk to the bank. While some banking regulations dictate the number of customers to warrant opening a new branch, in such instances, the regulation can be eased to allow a bank to open a new branch without attaining the mandatory number of clients. Mergers are often regulated. However in special circumstances, the rules guiding mergers can be eased as an incentive to secure banking customers. Banking system specialty from stability perspective is widely recognized and studied. However, not much literature has looked at the implications is special statuses which may be accorded in special

Critical Evaluation Of Ifrs 3 In Relation To Clear Reporting Essay

Critical Evaluation Of Ifrs 3 In Relation To Clear Reporting Requirements For Business Combinations - Essay Example With business combination, the surviving company is provided with the immediate availability of the resources of an established enterprise. Furthermore, the union of businesses often results in better utilization of management, in addition to acquisition of new management strength and improved capital bargaining position. In addition, a business combination may be undertaken for the income tax advantages available to one or more parties to the combination. However, business combinations involve certain limitations and risks. Corporate objectives must be taken into consideration. Only those companies which have the same or compatible sets of objectives should combine. On the other hand, successful firms are usually not willing to combine. The acquiring enterprise may also inherit the acquired firm's inefficiencies and problems together with its inadequate resources. The objective of IFRS 3 is to specify the financial reporting by an entity when it undertakes a business combination. In particular, it specifies that all business combinations should be accounted for by applying the purchase method. Therefore, the acquirer recognizes the acquiree's identifiable assets. Liabilities and contingent liabilities at their fair values at the acquisition date, and also recognize goodwill, which is subsequently tested for impairment rather than mortised. (ASC, 2005) Notable words that one must take into consideration when understanding issues of business combinations are; purchase method, fair values, acquisition date and goodwill. Under purchase method of accounting the acquiree's identifiable assets and liabilities must be measured at their fair values at acquisition date. Fair value then is defined as the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing partied in an arm's length transaction. Acquisitio n date is the date on which the acquirer effectively obtains control of the acquiree. Control is the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity or business so as to obtain benefits from its activities. Goodwill is a future economic benefits arising from assets that are not capable of being individually identified and separately recognized. SCOPE This IFRS does not apply to business combinations in which separate entities or businesses are brought together to form a joint venture. Joint venture is defined in IAS 31 Interest in Joint Ventures, as a contractual agreement whereby two or more parties undertake an economic activity that is subject to joint control. This IFRS does not also apply to combinations involving entities under common control, or businesses involving two or more mutual entities and a combination in which separate entities are brought together by contract alone to form a dual listed corporation. METHOD OF ACCOUNTING There are two methods for carrying out a business combination, the acquisition and the uniting of interest. Business combination is achieved by acquisition when one of the enterprises, the acquirer, obtains control over the net assets and operations of another enterprise which is the acquiree, in exchange for the transfer of

Recycling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Recycling - Research Paper Example â€Å"Environmental Ethics† relate to ethical and moral standing, which provides recognition of distinguishing characteristics of environment.1 It is important to initiate such programs through which these environmental issues are addressed and taking such measures that can reduce their adverse effects. Hence, there is a need to have be proactive and be able to understand the human’s role concerning preservation of environment and natural habitat. There is an anthropocentric code of ethics, which takes into consideration, the moral aspects of a human being with environment. However, few thinkers argue that the code of ethics should not just be focusing on the human element, but it should also have moral standing and sentiments for animals and natural habitat. This is necessary in order to conserve the natural resources like river, lakes and other species of ecosystems.2 My ethical standing on these environmental issues is based on the different approaches of scholars. It has been noticed that the environmental issues, which are occurring, have a deep impact on human beings. The pollution, whether it is air, water or land diminishes the health of the individuals, the depleting effect of natural or even manmade resources are affecting the living standard of individuals specially the human beings. In some cases, if there is a reduction of natural sources of herbs and plants then it gives rise to reduction of potential natural medicines for various diseases. In the same way, if there is a natural disaster it affects our homes and living. This approach is anthropocentric which are concerned with cause and effects of nature and environment on human beings.3 In the contrary, there is a â€Å"non-Anthropocentric approach† to environmental ethics, which also takes into consideration of other factors of Eco systems like animals, flora and Fiona. It is necessary that while one remains focused on how the environment

The Concept of the Core Executive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Concept of the Core Executive - Essay Example Prime ministerial dominance is facilitated by the predominance of leadership and leadership and prime ministerial dominance seem to be interdependent and mutually facilitatory. Hefferman claims that the dominance of the prime minister arises from the fact that the prime minister has access to many institutional and personal resources and power tools that give him a dominant role within the polity. The resources available to a minister and especially the prime minister define his power thus greater resources signify more power and fewer resources would indicate less power. Thus resources given to the core executive and the prime minister within a polity, for instance in the British polity would grant the prime minister and his cabinet with intra executive authority and influence and also help them with an opportunity to be stringer through exercising greater power. James (2004) highlights the challenges faced by the members of the core executive for steering and coordinating public activity and in undertaking strategic function of political governance in keeping with social demands. Considering the core executive within the UK government, especially the Treasury, the tools of governance could be delineated. In this case Public Service agreements or PSAs are used as unique tools of governance focused on improvement of public services. Thus core executives use specific tools to provide quality services to the public and these tools of governance are focused on information about performance, improved setting and incentive effects focused on ministers and officials through a system of performance targets in which if targets are achieved, proper performance rewards are given. The core executive thus helps in determining the level of performance as also the quality of services. The powers and priorities are now considerably focused on Prime Minister 's office and the cabinet office suggesting some sort of centralization of power within the British polity. Governance monitoring and assessment have improved considerably although there may be misleading reports on progress towards government goals. The relationship between governance, assessment of performance and expenditure concerns have opened up discussion between departments that focus on priorities although ministerial responsibility for performance has been limited. The core executive sets the target yet targets are seen as minimum pledges of performance rather than tools for improving performance. James highlights the importance of core executives suggesting that the PSA system is in danger as there are frequent changes to principles of governance and also inadequate representation of performance in certain areas of governance. Marsh et al (2003) emphasise further the concept of the core executive using the asymmetric power model to explain the British political system. They point out that the Differentiate Polity Model or DPM by Rhodes has it own flaws as it seems to overstress the diffuse nature of power. Marsh et al contend that the balance of power in the British

Human resource-Manage industrial relations-report Essay

Human resource-Manage industrial relations-report - Essay Example Human resource management seems to complement industrial relations as it focuses on employers policies in order to manage the employment relation (Gardner & Palmer, 1997, p. 591). In addition to the above strategy the organization will incorporate strong corporate culture along with better management support as it is an ideal industrial relation situation and vital as the management recognizes the value and importance of the workplace. Thus adopting to the above mentioned strategy will lead the organization to have an effective industrial relation policy for its employees and employers in together. Effectiveness of the Policy Adopting the complementary approach organization will be able to emerge in the field of industrial relation. It focuses mainly on the productivity of the industry and will help the organization to achieve competitive advantage. The policy will take care of the employment system in the workplace and includes human resource as well as labor relation practices. The refore the policy will help the organization in both strategic manner and to meet the operational needs. The complementary approach will provide the organization with competitive advantage and the culture of the organization will provide the organization with a well defined policies and industrial relation strategies. Procedures Related To the Policy The policy of the organization is to operate business in a way that will provide as well as preserve harmonious place to work for all its workers within the instrument of industrial relation like agreements and rewards and the management are focused to ensure that the work is carried with minimum disruption and with industrial harmony (Acubis, n.d). When policies are made it is necessary to communicate about the new or revised policy to all the members of the organization and it can be said that communication plays a very important role on the success of the policies in organization. The employees need to know about the benefits of impl ementing the policy such as flexibility of working hours, incentives, training and development. The CEO should be the person to communicate the new industrial policy of the organization to all the employees. In addition to effective communication all industrial relation plans should also include contingency plans. Organization should assess all the potential risk as well as benefits which are associated with negotiation. Risk in relation to the implementation of new policy should be analyzed. Contemporary Industrial Issues Some of the contemporary industrial issue which Australia has been facing and it is assumed that the organization will also face similar kind of contemporary industrial issues. The following is the list of contemporary issues faced by the organization and Australia Globalization Technological changes Casual workplace and part time work place Work place flexibility Collective bargaining Reduction in job security Enterprise bargain in order to gain conditions more t han awards Family friendly working patterns Australia workplace agreement Changing industrial and political landscape (UnionTeach, 2003). Globalization is one of the major issues concerning organization as more and more number of organization have been affected because of

Recycling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Recycling - Research Paper Example â€Å"Environmental Ethics† relate to ethical and moral standing, which provides recognition of distinguishing characteristics of environment.1 It is important to initiate such programs through which these environmental issues are addressed and taking such measures that can reduce their adverse effects. Hence, there is a need to have be proactive and be able to understand the human’s role concerning preservation of environment and natural habitat. There is an anthropocentric code of ethics, which takes into consideration, the moral aspects of a human being with environment. However, few thinkers argue that the code of ethics should not just be focusing on the human element, but it should also have moral standing and sentiments for animals and natural habitat. This is necessary in order to conserve the natural resources like river, lakes and other species of ecosystems.2 My ethical standing on these environmental issues is based on the different approaches of scholars. It has been noticed that the environmental issues, which are occurring, have a deep impact on human beings. The pollution, whether it is air, water or land diminishes the health of the individuals, the depleting effect of natural or even manmade resources are affecting the living standard of individuals specially the human beings. In some cases, if there is a reduction of natural sources of herbs and plants then it gives rise to reduction of potential natural medicines for various diseases. In the same way, if there is a natural disaster it affects our homes and living. This approach is anthropocentric which are concerned with cause and effects of nature and environment on human beings.3 In the contrary, there is a â€Å"non-Anthropocentric approach† to environmental ethics, which also takes into consideration of other factors of Eco systems like animals, flora and Fiona. It is necessary that while one remains focused on how the environment

Human resource-Manage industrial relations-report Essay

Human resource-Manage industrial relations-report - Essay Example Human resource management seems to complement industrial relations as it focuses on employers policies in order to manage the employment relation (Gardner & Palmer, 1997, p. 591). In addition to the above strategy the organization will incorporate strong corporate culture along with better management support as it is an ideal industrial relation situation and vital as the management recognizes the value and importance of the workplace. Thus adopting to the above mentioned strategy will lead the organization to have an effective industrial relation policy for its employees and employers in together. Effectiveness of the Policy Adopting the complementary approach organization will be able to emerge in the field of industrial relation. It focuses mainly on the productivity of the industry and will help the organization to achieve competitive advantage. The policy will take care of the employment system in the workplace and includes human resource as well as labor relation practices. The refore the policy will help the organization in both strategic manner and to meet the operational needs. The complementary approach will provide the organization with competitive advantage and the culture of the organization will provide the organization with a well defined policies and industrial relation strategies. Procedures Related To the Policy The policy of the organization is to operate business in a way that will provide as well as preserve harmonious place to work for all its workers within the instrument of industrial relation like agreements and rewards and the management are focused to ensure that the work is carried with minimum disruption and with industrial harmony (Acubis, n.d). When policies are made it is necessary to communicate about the new or revised policy to all the members of the organization and it can be said that communication plays a very important role on the success of the policies in organization. The employees need to know about the benefits of impl ementing the policy such as flexibility of working hours, incentives, training and development. The CEO should be the person to communicate the new industrial policy of the organization to all the employees. In addition to effective communication all industrial relation plans should also include contingency plans. Organization should assess all the potential risk as well as benefits which are associated with negotiation. Risk in relation to the implementation of new policy should be analyzed. Contemporary Industrial Issues Some of the contemporary industrial issue which Australia has been facing and it is assumed that the organization will also face similar kind of contemporary industrial issues. The following is the list of contemporary issues faced by the organization and Australia Globalization Technological changes Casual workplace and part time work place Work place flexibility Collective bargaining Reduction in job security Enterprise bargain in order to gain conditions more t han awards Family friendly working patterns Australia workplace agreement Changing industrial and political landscape (UnionTeach, 2003). Globalization is one of the major issues concerning organization as more and more number of organization have been affected because of

False Catholic Beliefs Essay Example for Free

False Catholic Beliefs Essay The two authors namely Gross and Blackbourn made an account about German Catholicism in the 18th Century. Their works: â€Å"The Strange Case of the Nun in the Dungeon and Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Bismarckian Germany†, respectively are expositions of how the noblest human acts and beliefs can be turned into atrocities and monstrous behaviors if that self giving is overshadowed with power or other ulterior motives. Freedom of Religion is man’s greatest endeavor to fulfill his end. However, if the means to achieve the end becomes evil it no longer serves man’s purpose but becomes destruction to man’s life and being. In the case of the nun Barbara, it is so unlikely that someone needs to be locked up for 21 years simply because that woman can not live her state in life. The vocation to celibacy is a free gift and not given to all. In fact, the best place for a woman is still in the home. Is the nun in the dungeon really insane or just maltreated? What is the real reason why she was in the nunnery? Again, in those questions it is no longer a reason if she is a madwoman but her lack of freedom and those people around her who were influenced by evil or may used coercion as force needed to be looked in depth. What made this people think that way, and what kind of a leader or a superior does her congregation have? Was it is because her time was during the Dark Ages in Christianity where people are kind of confused? Could it be also a time in the history of mankind that the female gender is not absolutely understood? On the accounts given by the authors especially that of Blackbourn, when he tried to gather information of the German Madonna, he pointed out on the common beliefs of that time and was able to conclude that the apparitions is not real. This is another lesson to bear in mind that popular beliefs are not always the bearer of truth. Human at the same time is so fallible, that if guided by a blind guide can be trapped into a pit. The two authors have manifested in their works that man to be rational must be free and knowledgeable of the truth. References Gross, Michael B. (2000), The Strange Case of the Nun in the Dungeon : German Studies Review [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 22 February 2008 from, thttp://links. jstor. org/sici? sici=0149-7952%28200002%2923%3A1%3C69%3ATSCOTN%3E2. 0. CO%3B2-N Blackbourn, David, Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Bismarckian Germany